History, Orders, Elements and Examples
Greek architecture is one of the most influential architectural traditions in history. Developed across the Greek mainland, Aegean islands, western Anatolia, southern Italy, Sicily and other parts of the ancient Greek world, it established architectural ideas about proportion, order, column design, monumentality, civic space and the relationship between buildings and their surroundings.
Ancient Greek architecture is especially associated with temples such as the Parthenon, but its architectural culture was much broader. Greek cities included agoras, stoas, theatres, stadia, gymnasia, council buildings, houses, sanctuaries, fountains and other civic structures.
For architecture students, Greek architecture is important because it demonstrates how a building can be understood simultaneously as a structural system, proportional system, spatial composition, civic symbol and carefully designed visual experience.
Quick Answer: What Is Greek Architecture?
Greek architecture refers to the architectural traditions developed by the ancient Greek-speaking world from the Archaic period through the Classical and Hellenistic periods and into the Roman era, when Greek architectural traditions continued to influence the wider Mediterranean.
It is particularly recognized for the use of architectural orders, post-and-lintel construction, carefully proportioned columns and entablatures, temple planning, sculptural decoration, monumental civic spaces and close integration with topography.
The three best-known Greek architectural orders are:
- Doric
- Ionic
- Corinthian
The Greek temple is its most recognizable building type, but Greek architecture also includes theatres, stoas, agoras, stadia, gymnasia, houses and large sanctuary complexes.
Historical Background of Greek Architecture
Greek architecture did not appear suddenly during the Classical period. It developed through a long architectural history involving the Bronze Age Aegean world, the Archaic period, the Classical period and the Hellenistic world.
Bronze Age Aegean Background
The architectural history of the Greek world is connected to earlier Aegean civilizations, including the Minoan and Mycenaean cultures.
Mycenaean architecture included substantial fortifications and the megaron, a principal hall with a central hearth and columns. Although the architecture of the later Greek polis developed in different directions, earlier Aegean traditions form part of the broader background from which Greek architectural culture emerged.
Geometric and Early Archaic Periods
Following the Bronze Age, architectural traditions developed gradually as communities recovered and expanded their settlements and sanctuaries.
Early monumental buildings frequently used materials such as timber, mud brick and local stone. As construction techniques developed, stone increasingly became important for monumental architecture.
The transition from timber construction to stone was especially significant because many details of the stone architectural orders preserve relationships that had previously been associated with timber construction.
Archaic Period
The Archaic period saw major development in monumental temple architecture.
Greek communities established sanctuaries and constructed increasingly ambitious temples. The Doric order became strongly established on the Greek mainland and in Greek colonies in southern Italy and Sicily, while Ionic traditions became particularly important in eastern Greece and the Aegean.
Classical Period
The Classical period, especially the fifth century BCE, produced some of the most influential monuments of ancient Greek architecture.
The Athenian Acropolis is the best-known example. Its major monuments include the Parthenon, Propylaia, Temple of Athena Nike and Erechtheion.
The Acropolis demonstrates that Greek architecture was not simply a collection of isolated buildings. Buildings, terraces, routes, landscape, views and sacred functions were composed as a larger architectural environment.
Hellenistic Period
After the conquests of Alexander the Great, Greek culture spread across a large territory.
Hellenistic architecture became more varied and monumental. Cities and sanctuaries were increasingly organized through terraces, stoas, theatres, monumental approaches, large public spaces and carefully planned urban compositions.
Sites such as Pergamon demonstrate the importance of topography in Hellenistic planning. The acropolis was developed on steep terrain using terraces and monumental structures to create a dramatic relationship between architecture and landscape.
Major Characteristics of Greek Architecture
Greek architecture cannot be reduced to a single visual style. Its most important characteristics include the following.
1. Proportion
Proportion was fundamental to Greek architectural design.
The dimensions and relationships of architectural components were carefully coordinated. Columns, intercolumniation, entablatures, platforms and other elements were not treated as unrelated parts.
This proportional approach became one of the foundations of the later Classical architectural tradition.
2. Architectural Orders
The Greek orders established recognizable systems for coordinating columns and the elements above them.
The three principal Greek orders are:
- Doric
- Ionic
- Corinthian
An order should not be understood merely as a type of column. It is a coordinated architectural system involving the column, entablature and associated proportions and details.
3. Post-and-Lintel Construction
Greek monumental architecture primarily developed from the post-and-lintel principle.
A vertical support carries a horizontal member.
In a temple, columns support the entablature, which supports the roof structure.
This system strongly influenced the visual character of Greek architecture because structural logic and architectural expression were closely connected.
4. Symmetry and Balance
Greek architecture frequently uses bilateral symmetry and carefully controlled repetition.
However, symmetry should not be confused with rigid uniformity.
The Acropolis demonstrates how individual buildings could respond differently to topography, sacred requirements and existing structures while contributing to an overall architectural composition.
5. Colonnades
Repeated columns created rhythm, enclosure and transition between interior and exterior.
A colonnade could:
- define a temple perimeter
- create a shaded circulation zone
- frame a public space
- establish rhythm
- create visual depth
- emphasize an entrance
6. Sculptural Integration
Sculpture was not simply an independent decoration applied to Greek buildings.
Pediments, metopes, friezes, acroteria and architectural mouldings were integrated into the composition of temples.
7. Relationship with Landscape
Greek architecture frequently responded strongly to natural terrain.
Sanctuaries were often located in prominent landscapes, on hillsides, terraces or areas with significant religious associations.
The relationship between architecture and terrain is particularly evident at the Acropolis, Delphi and Pergamon.
8. Monumentality
Monumentality was achieved through:
- scale
- repetition
- elevated platforms
- procession
- axial or visual relationships
- column rhythm
- sculptural decoration
- carefully selected sites
Monumentality therefore depended on more than simply making a building large.
The Three Greek Architectural Orders
The architectural orders are among the most important subjects in the study of Greek architecture.
| Order | Main identifying feature | Typical character | Historical association |
|---|---|---|---|
| Doric | Plain capital, no separate base in Greek form, triglyph-and-metope frieze | Strong and relatively austere | Mainland Greece and western Greek colonies |
| Ionic | Volute capital, column base, continuous sculptural frieze often used | Slender and more ornate | Eastern Greece and Aegean/Ionian regions |
| Corinthian | Elaborate acanthus-leaf capital | Highly decorative | Late Classical, Hellenistic and later Roman architecture |
Doric Order
The Doric order is generally considered the earliest of the three principal Classical Greek orders.
A Greek Doric column normally rests directly on the stylobate rather than having a separate base.
Its major elements include:
- fluted shaft
- echinus
- abacus
- architrave
- triglyphs
- metopes
- cornice
The alternating triglyphs and metopes create one of the most recognizable visual patterns in Classical architecture.
The Parthenon is one of the most famous examples of the Doric order.
Ionic Order
The Ionic order is characterized by a more slender column and a distinctive capital with volutes.
Important characteristics include:
- column base
- slender shaft
- fluting
- volute capital
- architrave divided into horizontal bands
- continuous sculptural frieze in many examples
The Ionic order became particularly important in the Greek world of Asia Minor and the Aegean.
The Erechtheion on the Acropolis is one of its most famous examples.
Corinthian Order
The Corinthian order is distinguished by its elaborate capital decorated with acanthus leaves.
It developed later than the Doric and Ionic orders and became especially important during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.
One important Greek example is the Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae, where Doric, Ionic and Corinthian elements occur within the same monument.
Greek Temple Architecture
The temple is the most recognizable building type associated with ancient Greek architecture.
However, the temple should not be understood simply as an ancient equivalent of a modern place of congregational worship.
The cult statue and sacred rituals were central to the temple’s function, while many ceremonies and sacrifices occurred in the surrounding sanctuary and at outdoor altars.
Basic Components of a Greek Temple
A typical Greek temple may include:
- crepidoma
- stylobate
- columns
- pronaos
- cella or naos
- opisthodomos
- peristyle
- entablature
- pediment
- roof
Not every temple contains every component in the same form.
Cella
The cella, also called the naos, was the principal inner chamber of the temple.
It generally housed the cult image of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated.
Pronaos
The pronaos is the entrance porch located in front of the cella.
It commonly provides a transitional space between the exterior and the sacred interior.
Opisthodomos
The opisthodomos is the rear porch or rear chamber found in certain temple plans.
Its arrangement varies from building to building.
Peristyle
A peristyle is a surrounding colonnade.
A temple with a continuous external colonnade around all four sides is commonly described as peripteral.
The external colonnade strongly influences how the temple is experienced from outside.
Greek Temple Plans and Column Arrangements
Greek temples can be classified according to their column arrangements.
In antis
Columns are positioned between projecting side walls at the front.
Prostyle
Columns are arranged across the front of the temple.
Amphiprostyle
Columns occur at both front and rear.
Peripteral
A continuous single row of columns surrounds the temple.
Dipteral
Two rows of columns surround the temple.
These terms are useful when reading architectural plans of ancient Greek temples.
The Entablature
The entablature is the horizontal architectural system above the columns.
It generally consists of:
- Architrave
- Frieze
- Cornice
The treatment differs according to the architectural order.
In the Doric order, the frieze typically contains alternating triglyphs and metopes.
In Ionic architecture, a continuous sculptural frieze is commonly used.
The entablature therefore contributes strongly to the visual identity of an order.
Pediment
The pediment is the triangular gable area above the entablature at the short end of a temple.
Greek architects used pediments as important areas for sculptural composition.
The relationship between the triangular geometry of the pediment and the human figures placed within it required considerable compositional skill.
Materials Used in Greek Architecture
Greek architecture used a range of materials rather than marble exclusively.
Stone
Limestone was widely used.
Marble was particularly important for prestigious monuments because of its durability, workability and visual qualities.
The Parthenon, for example, is associated strongly with Pentelic marble.
Wood
Wood was important in early construction and remained important for roof structures and other building components.
Mud Brick
Mud brick was used particularly for walls and ordinary buildings, although such materials survive poorly compared with stone.
Terracotta
Terracotta was used for roof tiles and architectural decoration.
Metal
Bronze and other metals were used for fittings, decorative elements and structural connections.
The surviving architecture can therefore give a misleading impression that ancient Greek architecture was entirely a stone-and-marble tradition.
Construction Techniques
Greek monumental construction required highly skilled quarrying, carving and assembly.
Large stone blocks could be shaped at quarries and then transported to construction sites.
Blocks were carefully fitted, while metal clamps and dowels could be used to connect or reinforce stone components.
The construction of temples required the coordinated work of architects, quarry workers, stone carvers, sculptors, roof specialists, metalworkers and other craftsmen.
The precision of surviving monuments demonstrates the sophisticated organization and craftsmanship involved.
Proportion and Optical Refinements
One of the most important lessons from Greek architecture is that visual proportion is not always identical to geometric proportion.
The Parthenon contains a sophisticated system of refinements that modifies apparently straight or perfectly regular geometry.
Documented refinements include:
- slight curvature of horizontal elements
- inward inclination of columns
- controlled corner spacing
- entasis or slight swelling of column shafts
These adjustments affected how the building was perceived by the human eye.
For architecture students, this is an important lesson:
Architectural geometry is sometimes modified to achieve perceptual balance.
This means that proportion in architecture involves both measurement and human perception.
The Parthenon
The Parthenon is perhaps the most famous monument of Greek architecture.
It was constructed on the Acropolis of Athens between approximately 447 and 432 BCE and was dedicated to Athena.
The building is primarily Doric but incorporates significant Ionic features.
Its principal architects are generally identified as Iktinos and Kallikrates, while Pheidias was closely associated with the sculptural program.
Major Architectural Features
- Doric peristyle
- eight columns across the short façades
- seventeen columns along the long sides
- marble construction
- sculptural pediments
- Doric metopes
- continuous Ionic frieze associated with the inner architectural zone
- carefully controlled proportions
- optical refinements
The Parthenon is important not because it represents every aspect of Greek architecture, but because it demonstrates the unusually close integration of structure, proportion, sculpture, material and visual perception.
The Erechtheion
The Erechtheion is particularly valuable for understanding how Greek architecture could depart from a simple symmetrical temple model.
It has an irregular plan and incorporates different sacred associations within a complex site.
Its famous south porch contains the Caryatids, sculpted female figures functioning architecturally in place of conventional columns.
The building demonstrates that Greek architecture could adapt its geometry to:
- existing sacred locations
- different ground levels
- multiple cult requirements
- complex circulation
- visual relationships with surrounding monuments
Temple of Athena Nike
The Temple of Athena Nike is a relatively small Ionic temple on the Acropolis.
Its compact scale demonstrates that Greek architectural principles were not limited to monumental buildings.
The building is associated with the architect Kallikrates and dates to the later fifth century BCE.
Its Ionic character distinguishes it from the predominantly Doric appearance of the Parthenon.
Propylaia
The Propylaia served as the monumental entrance to the Acropolis.
Designed by Mnesikles, it demonstrates an important architectural principle:
an entrance can be designed as an architectural experience rather than merely as an opening.
The visitor approached the Acropolis through a carefully composed sequence involving movement, level change, columns, gateways and views.
This makes the Propylaia particularly valuable for architecture students studying procession and spatial sequence.
Greek Civic Architecture
Greek architecture extended beyond temples.
Agora
The agora was an important civic and public space.
Depending on the city and period, it could accommodate commercial, political, social, administrative and religious activities.
The agora demonstrates that Greek urban architecture was based not only on individual buildings but also on relationships between open space and surrounding structures.
Stoa
A stoa is a roofed colonnaded structure, commonly open along one side.
It could provide:
- shade
- circulation
- commercial space
- meeting areas
- civic activity
- visual definition of an open space
The repeated columns of a stoa create an intermediate condition between enclosed architecture and open urban space.
Bouleuterion
The bouleuterion was a meeting place associated with the civic council.
It demonstrates the development of specialized civic architecture within Greek cities.
Theatre
Greek theatres were often integrated into natural slopes.
The Theatre of Epidaurus is particularly famous for its geometry, proportions and acoustics.
Its design illustrates how topography could become an active component of architectural structure rather than an obstacle to be eliminated.
Stadium
Stadia were designed for athletic competitions and formed an important part of Greek civic and religious culture.
Olympia is one of the best-known examples of a larger sanctuary complex containing athletic facilities.
Gymnasium
The gymnasium combined physical training with social and educational functions.
It formed part of the broader cultural infrastructure of Greek cities.
Greek City Planning
Greek urban planning evolved over time.
Some later Greek and Hellenistic cities employed more regular street systems and orthogonal planning.
The work associated with Hippodamos of Miletus is particularly important in discussions of planned Greek urbanism.
However, ancient Greek cities should not be reduced to a single “grid plan.”
Existing terrain, historical development, civic requirements, religious structures and local conditions affected urban form.
Important Urban Components
A Greek city could contain:
- agora
- acropolis
- temples
- stoas
- theatres
- stadia
- gymnasia
- residential areas
- streets
- water infrastructure
- defensive walls
- civic buildings
The relationship between these elements is often more architecturally significant than any individual building.
Greek Architecture and Topography
Topography was especially important in sanctuary and Hellenistic architecture.
At Delphi, architecture is closely integrated with the steep landscape of Mount Parnassus.
At the Acropolis, buildings occupy a prominent rocky hill.
At Pergamon, terraces were used to accommodate major buildings on steep terrain.
This provides an important architectural lesson:
Difficult terrain can become an organizing principle for architectural composition.
Instead of flattening a site, architects can use level changes to create:
- terraces
- viewpoints
- procession routes
- visual hierarchy
- monumental approaches
- framed landscapes
Greek Architecture and Climate
Climate influenced architectural use and outdoor life, but climate alone does not explain Greek architecture.
The Mediterranean environment encouraged extensive use of outdoor spaces, courtyards, colonnades and shaded transitional areas.
However, religious practice, social customs, construction technology, available materials, political organization and topography were equally important.
For modern architects, the useful lesson is not to copy a Greek column but to study how environment, social activity and spatial form interacted.
Greek Architecture and Human Movement
Movement was an important part of the experience of Greek architecture.
A visitor might experience:
- approach through the city
- arrival at a sanctuary
- movement through a gateway
- ascent along a path or steps
- visual reveal of a temple
- movement around the exterior colonnade
- relationship with sculpture and landscape
Architecture was therefore experienced over time.
This is particularly important when studying the Acropolis.
The architecture cannot be fully understood from a single elevation drawing.
Greek Architecture: Structure and Appearance
Greek architecture is often described as decorative, but its ornament cannot be completely separated from construction.
The post-and-lintel system establishes the basic structural logic.
The architectural order organizes:
- column proportions
- capital form
- entablature
- frieze
- cornice
- spacing
- visual rhythm
Decoration is therefore integrated into an overall architectural system.
Greek Architecture and Color
Modern visitors often imagine Greek temples as uniformly white marble buildings.
However, ancient Greek architecture was not necessarily visually monochromatic.
Architectural sculpture and selected architectural elements could be painted.
The surviving white stone surfaces are partly a result of the loss of ancient pigments over time.
This is an important distinction when producing architectural visualizations of ancient Greek buildings.
A historically informed reconstruction should not automatically represent every Greek temple as plain white marble.
Greek Architecture: Important Examples
| Example | Location | Approximate period | Architectural importance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parthenon | Athens | 447–432 BCE | Doric temple with important Ionic features and sophisticated refinements |
| Erechtheion | Athens | 421–406 BCE | Complex Ionic composition and Caryatid porch |
| Temple of Athena Nike | Athens | 5th century BCE | Compact Ionic temple |
| Propylaia | Athens | 437–432 BCE | Monumental entrance architecture |
| Temple of Hephaestus | Athens | 5th century BCE | Well-preserved Doric temple |
| Temple of Apollo at Bassae | Greece | 5th century BCE | Important monument combining all three Greek orders |
| Theatre of Epidaurus | Greece | 4th century BCE | Integration of geometry, landscape and performance |
| Sanctuary of Delphi | Greece | Archaic–Hellenistic | Major example of architecture integrated with dramatic terrain |
| Olympia Sanctuary | Greece | Various periods | Religious, civic and athletic architectural ensemble |
| Pergamon Acropolis | Turkey | Hellenistic | Terraced urban and monumental planning |
What Makes Greek Architecture Important?
Greek architecture is important because it established architectural systems that were repeatedly studied, adapted and transformed.
Its influence can be seen in:
- Roman architecture
- Renaissance architecture
- Classical architecture
- Neoclassical architecture
- government buildings
- museums
- courthouses
- libraries
- monuments
- educational buildings
- civic architecture
The influence is not limited to the visual use of columns.
Greek architecture contributed ideas about:
- proportion
- architectural orders
- monumentality
- civic space
- public architecture
- procession
- human scale
- visual rhythm
- relationship between structure and ornament
Greek Architecture vs Roman Architecture
Greek and Roman architecture share many features, but they should not be treated as identical.
| Greek Architecture | Roman Architecture |
|---|---|
| Strong emphasis on post-and-lintel construction | Extensive use of arches, vaults and concrete |
| Temple exterior strongly emphasized | Greater development of large interior spaces |
| Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders | Greek orders plus Tuscan and Composite traditions |
| Strong integration of sculpture and architectural order | Extensive use of architectural decoration and spatial engineering |
| Temples, sanctuaries, agoras and theatres important | Forums, baths, basilicas, amphitheatres and infrastructure highly developed |
| Topography strongly used in sanctuaries and theatres | Large-scale infrastructure and urban engineering expanded dramatically |
Roman architecture adopted and transformed Greek architectural language rather than simply copying it.
This relationship is particularly important for understanding the later development of Classical architecture.
Influence on Modern Architecture
Greek architecture continues to influence architecture through the Classical tradition.
Common modern adaptations include:
- columns
- porticos
- pediments
- symmetrical façades
- entablatures
- monumental staircases
- colonnaded public spaces
- classical proportions
However, using columns on a contemporary building does not automatically make it “Greek architecture.”
Modern architecture may borrow a visual vocabulary without reproducing the original social, structural and religious context.
This distinction is important when analyzing Classical and Neoclassical buildings.
Practical Lessons for Architecture Students
Greek architecture provides several useful lessons for contemporary architectural design.
Lesson 1: Study proportion
Do not study columns independently. Study the relationships among:
- column
- bay
- entablature
- platform
- façade
- building mass
Lesson 2: Design the approach
The approach to a building can be as important as the building itself.
Study how visitors arrive, move, pause and perceive the architecture.
Lesson 3: Use topography
A sloping site can become part of the architectural concept.
Lesson 4: Integrate structure and expression
Structural logic can contribute to architectural character rather than being hidden completely.
Lesson 5: Design the open space
The relationship between a building and its surrounding plaza, courtyard or landscape is fundamental.
Lesson 6: Think beyond the façade
Greek architecture teaches students to analyze:
- plan
- section
- elevation
- circulation
- landscape
- urban context
- human perception
together.
Common Misconceptions About Greek Architecture
Misconception 1: Greek architecture means white marble buildings.
Not necessarily. Stone and marble were important, but other materials were widely used, and ancient architectural surfaces could be painted.
Misconception 2: Greek architecture is only about columns.
Columns are important, but Greek architecture also includes urban planning, temples, sanctuaries, theatres, stoas, houses, civic buildings and landscape relationships.
Misconception 3: All Greek temples look the same.
Temple plans and compositions vary considerably.
Misconception 4: The three orders are simply three column shapes.
An architectural order is a coordinated system of architectural components, not merely a capital design.
Misconception 5: Greek architecture was completely symmetrical.
Symmetry was important, but buildings such as the Erechtheion demonstrate that complex site and functional conditions could produce irregular compositions.
Misconception 6: Greek and Roman architecture are the same.
Roman architects adopted Greek architectural orders but developed different structural systems, building types and spatial strategies.
Advantages of Studying Greek Architecture
Studying Greek architecture can help architecture students understand:
- architectural proportion
- modular thinking
- rhythm
- repetition
- hierarchy
- structural expression
- monumentality
- civic architecture
- site planning
- procession
- landscape integration
- architectural history
- Classical design vocabulary
Limitations of Using Greek Architecture as a Modern Design Model
Greek architecture should not be copied mechanically.
Ancient Greek buildings were created within specific:
- religious systems
- social structures
- political conditions
- construction technologies
- climatic environments
- material economies
A contemporary architect must translate principles rather than reproduce historical forms without context.
For example, the useful lesson from a Greek colonnade may be the creation of shade, rhythm, transition and public space, rather than simply adding columns to a façade.
A Simple Method for Analysing a Greek Building
Architecture students can use this sequence when preparing an architectural case study.
Step 1: Identify the site
Where is the building located?
Step 2: Identify the function
What was the building designed to do?
Step 3: Study the plan
Identify:
- axis
- entrance
- central spaces
- secondary spaces
- circulation
- courtyards
- columns
Step 4: Identify the order
Determine whether the building uses Doric, Ionic, Corinthian or a combination.
Step 5: Study proportion
Compare:
- building length and width
- column spacing
- column diameter
- column height
- entablature
- platform
Step 6: Study movement
How does a visitor approach and experience the building?
Step 7: Study the section
Understand:
- ground level
- platform
- columns
- roof
- interior height
- topography
Step 8: Study material
Identify stone, marble, timber, terracotta and metal components.
Step 9: Study landscape
Determine how the building relates to:
- hills
- views
- paths
- plazas
- other buildings
- natural features
Step 10: Extract architectural principles
Finally ask:
What design principle can be learned from the building rather than merely copied from it?
Conclusion
Greek architecture is much more than a collection of temples and columns. It represents a sophisticated architectural tradition in which proportion, structure, material, sculpture, movement, public space, topography and cultural meaning were closely connected.
The Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders provided highly influential systems for organizing architectural elements. Greek temples demonstrate the careful relationship between platform, column, entablature and sculpture. Civic architecture such as the agora and stoa shows how architecture could shape public life, while theatres and sanctuaries demonstrate the importance of landscape, movement and collective experience.
For contemporary architecture students and professionals, the enduring lesson of Greek architecture is not simply to reproduce Classical forms. It is to understand how architectural components can be organized into a coherent whole—where proportion supports perception, structure contributes to expression, and buildings establish meaningful relationships with people, space and place.
Key Takeaways
- Greek architecture developed over several historical periods rather than appearing suddenly in the Classical age.
- The three principal Classical Greek orders are Doric, Ionic and Corinthian.
- Greek architecture used post-and-lintel construction extensively.
- Greek temples are important, but they represent only one part of Greek architectural culture.
- Proportion and visual relationships were central to Classical design.
- Greek architects integrated buildings with topography, landscape and movement.
- The agora, stoa, theatre, stadium and gymnasium were important civic and cultural building types.
- The Parthenon demonstrates sophisticated integration of structure, proportion, sculpture and optical refinement.
- Greek architecture strongly influenced Roman, Renaissance, Classical and Neoclassical architecture.
- Contemporary architects can learn from Greek architectural principles without copying historical forms literally.
References Used for the Article
- Metropolitan Museum of Art — Architecture in Ancient Greece
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre — Acropolis, Athens
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre — Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre — Archaeological Site of Delphi
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre — Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidaurus
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre — Archaeological Site of Olympia
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre — Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape
- Smarthistory — Greek Architectural Orders
- Reed College — Reading Greek Temples: Parthenon Refinements
- Metropolitan Museum of Art — Greek Orders of Architecture